CLl-PAST-OBJ
16 tu The brand new REFLEXIVE PREFIX Inside the ZULU – A TYPOLOGICAL Angle Sonja Age. Bosch In this post I will browse the brand new roots of reflexive prefix within the Zulu, investing attention toward means of grammaticalization which lexemes end up as grammatical formatives. Given that reflexivization in some Bantu dialects would-be opposed, the article have been in the type of an excellent typological research. Inside the Lehmann s () talk of your own phenomena which can be known as reflexive, it’s interesting to note that he assumes on four categories of reflexives, namely 0) autophoric nouns being ordinary nouns such as human body, inhale, spirit, head you to ple, when you look at the Sanscrit brand new noun dtman definition breath, soul, and in Basque, the newest noun burua definition lead, are acclimatized to show roughly the same as English mind. Autophoric nouns used as the reflexives are often accompanied by a great possessive pronoun, as in another example off Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani energy:acc put:part putting energy during the himself (ii) reflexive nouns being nouns saying this is worry about and nothing else, for instance the German selbst me personally and Finnish itse because the illustrated from the pursuing the advice: 344
17 Italian language (2) Ich komme selbst I’m upcoming myself Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-au moment ou? want-2.sg-int ticket-acc.pl self-all-poss.2.sg How would you like the fresh new seats for your self? In dialects such as Finnish, Hungarian and you can Turkish reflexive nouns just take possessive affixes, during other dialects instance Italian language or perhaps the Relationship languages, these types of nouns are not usually along side possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns with the primary aim of it comes back again to the topic, for instance the Italian language sich when you look at the: German (4) Sie waschen sich He or she is washing on their own (iv) verbal reflexives which happen to be verb affixes exhibiting that the step in some way influences the subject, like in the second instances: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-discover the guy saw himself Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di boy wash-refl-beyond the child cleanse themselves Lehmann () emphasizes that the limits amongst the classes is actually liquid and claims why these four categories of reflexive facets are now actually to your a level out-of growing grammaticalization.
To put it differently, it’s possible to select which since the a continuum out-of alter that may getting depicted the following: 345
18 Lexical goods Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) provides instances in different dialects to help you train the changes which have took place otherwise continue to be going on in one classification so you can the second. The process of changes is actually verified from the Faltz () which, pertaining to their morphological difference in one or two fundamental version of reflexives, specifically NP-reflexives which could consist of a moderate morpheme acting as direct of reflexive noun keywords, and you may verbal reflexives, including reflexive pronouns which are cliticized on the verb, remarks: Languages get change from one pole to the almost every other, in reality, for example direction was fundamentally on the NP-reflexive rod to the verbal reflexive rod. During the Zulu reflexiveness are understood as a good prefix and this actually precedes the latest verb stalk. The fresh reflexive prefix was invariable fit, which means that it’s a good morphological shape and therefore stays constant despite the class that the antecedent belongs. This is demonstrably depicted about after the advice inside Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya this new-guy he-themselves strike the boy strike omgchat reddit himself (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini brand new-woman she-herself-find in-reflect Her notices herself regarding the mirror In these advice -zi- is the reflexive morpheme plus the methods out of hit to discover are led right back on brand new respective grammatical victims, which is, man and you may woman. It’s fascinating you to definitely when you look at the generative knowledge, a significant notion is established on the underlying design out-of phrases who has reflexives, namely NP1 – V – NP1. At first glance, like a housing is ungrammatical throughout the Bantu dialects if the a couple of NPs is co-referential and identical in form, age.grams. (8) *USipho wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho duped Sipho Inside Zulu such as for instance a sentence is created grammatical because of the insertion regarding a beneficial reflexive prefix from the verb and the fresh deletion of co-referential noun. age.g. 346
